2019 
R’000 
    2018 
R’000 
 
15.  Intangible assets             
  Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    2 957 606      2 996 158   
     Cost    3 880 337      3 872 610   
     Accumulated amortisation and impairments    (922 731)     (876 452)  
  Computer software    389 291      344 502   
     Cost    1 098 140      1 022 550   
     Accumulated amortisation and impairments    (708 849)     (678 048)  
  Capital work-in-progress    31 730      27 146   
      3 378 627      3 367 806   
  Movement in intangible assets             
  Carrying value at beginning of year    3 367 806      1 667 710   
  Additions    165 118      123 754   
     Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    14 581      8 919   
     Computer software    145 953      138 811   
     Capital work-in-progress    4 584      (23 976)  
        Expenditure    17 293      18 510   
        Transfers to other categories    (12 709)     (42 486)  
  Acquisition of businesses    3 090      1 666 779   
     Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    2 980      1 663 528   
     Computer software    110      3 251   
  Disposals    (623)     (5 816)  
     Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    (8)     (2 922)  
     Computer software    (615)     (2 772)  
     Capital work-in-progress    –      (122)  
  Disposal of businesses and disposal groups held for sale    (6 491)     (9 870)  
     Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    –      (9 870)  
     Computer software    (6 491)     –   
  Exchange rate adjustments    (709)     63 137   
     Patents, trademarks, trade names and other intangibles    (679)     63 137   
     Computer software    (30)     –   
  Amortisation (refer note 2)   (147 916)     (136 773)  
  Impairment (refer note 2)   (1 648)     (1 115)  
  Carrying value at end of year    3 378 627      3 367 806   
 

Indefinite life intangibles

No indefinite life intangibles were recognised on the acquisition of businesses in the current year as the Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) reviews had not been completed on the UDS and Aquazania acquisitions at the time of reporting (refer note 12). Indefinite life intangibles arising on previous acquisitions amount to R2 138 million, R964 million relating to Bidvest Commercial Products and R1 174 million to Bidvest Services. These intangibles were subject to review for impairment based on value-in-use. For South African domiciled operations the Group used a pre-tax discount rate of between 18% and 23.6% with a perpetual growth rate of 5.8%, whereas for the European operations a pre-tax discount rate of 11.4% and a perpetual growth rate of 2% was used. Significant surpluses were identified over the carrying values of the CGU’s and thus the directors believe that a reasonably possible change in the multiples, would not result in an impairment of the carrying value of these intangibles.

The amortisation and impairment charges are included in operating expenses in the consolidated income statement.