4. Taxation
 
  2018 
R’000 
    2017 
R’000 
 
Current taxation  1 416 788        1 288 023    
   Current year  1 432 909        1 310 451    
   Prior years’ overprovision  (16 121)       (22 428)   
Deferred taxation  14 927        33 698    
   Current year  35 091        21 626    
   Prior years’ (overprovision) underprovision  (20 164)       11 873    
   Change in rate of taxation  –        199    
Foreign withholding taxation  4 882        6 511    
Total taxation per consolidated income statement  1 436 597        1 328 232    
Comprising                
   South African taxation  1 325 750        1 249 134    
   Foreign taxation  110 847        79 098    
   1 436 597        1 328 232    
The reconciliation of the effective taxation rate with the South African company taxation rate is:          
Taxation for the year as a percentage of profit before taxation  27,0        21,4    
Net change in remeasurement and changes in shareholding of associates  (1,2)       5,1    
Associates  2,2        1,7    
Effective rate excluding associate income  28,0        28,2    
Dividend and exempt income  3,3        2,0    
Foreign taxation rate differential  0,4        (0,2)   
Impairment of goodwill  (0,1)       –    
Preference share funding  (1,1)       (1,0)   
Other non deductible expenses  (1,8)       (1,0)   
Changes in recognition of deferred tax assets  (1,5)       (0,2)   
Capital gains rate differential  –        (0,2)   
Changes in prior years’ estimation  0,8        0,2    
Change in rate of taxation  –        0,2    
Rate of South African company taxation  28,0        28,0    
   R’000        R’000    
Estimated tax losses available for offset against future taxable income  1 432 442        1 013 193    
Utilised in the computation of deferred taxation  (777 256)       (530 221)   
Not accounted for in deferred taxation  655 186        482 972    

Deferred taxation assets have not been recognised in respect of certain tax losses as the directors believe it is not probable that the relevant companies will generate taxable profit in the near future, against which the benefits can be utilised.