3. Net finance charges
 
  2018 
R’000 
    2017 
R’000 
 
Finance income  603 909        575 607    
   Interest income on banking and other advances  443 386        460 712    
   Interest income on bank balances  114 953        81 751    
   Interest imputed on post-retirement assets  19 796        16 950    
   Interest income on available-for-sale financial investments  25 774        16 194    
Finance charges  (1 459 856)       (1 502 458)   
   Interest expense on amounts owed to bank depositors  (317 059)       (270 625)   
   Interest expense on bank overdrafts  (71 904)       (73 858)   
   Interest expense on listed bonds and commercial paper  (238 918)       (240 032)   
   Interest expense on financed assets  (5 074)       (4 273)   
   Interest expense on vehicle lease creditors and floorplan creditors  (82 327)       (91 909)   
   Interest expense on other borrowings  (546 813)       (618 372)   
   Interest imputed on post-retirement obligations  (6 190)       (6 189)   
   Unwinding of discount on puttable non-controlling interest liabilities  (4 717)       (3 147)   
   Dividends on preference shares included in borrowings  (210 878)       (216 691)   
   Less borrowing costs capitalised to property, plant and equipment **  24 024        22 638    
   (855 947)       (926 851)   
Less net finance income from banking operations included in operating profit  (164 783)       (132 709)   
   Income  (445 200)       (343 538)   
   Charges  280 417        210 829    
   (1 020 730)       (1 059 560)   

** The applicable weighted average interest rate is used to determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.