Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note 16         2015 R’000     2014 R’000     16. Deferred taxation                   Deferred taxation assets     877 623     602 850       Deferred taxation liabilities     (1 033 660)     (815 402)       Net deferred taxation liability     (156 037)     (212 552)       Movement in net deferred taxation assets and liabilities                   Balance at beginning of year     (212 552)     (84 758)       Per consolidated income statement     96 597     (178 669)       Items recognised directly in equity and other comprehensive income     92 706     135 062       On acquisition of businesses     (96 586)     (85 955)       On disposal of businesses     693     –       Exchange rate adjustments     (36 895)     1 768       Balance at end of year     (156 037)     (212 552)                             Assets R’000   Liabilities R’000     Net R’000       Temporary differences                   2015                   Differential between carrying values and tax values of property, plant and equipment (80 329)   (858 134)     (938 463)       Differential between carrying values and tax values of intangible assets 8 808   (306 910)     (298 102)       Estimated taxation losses 212 952   39 668     252 620       Staff-related allowances and liabilities 422 512   200 357     622 869       Operating lease liabilities 44 741   (8 825)     35 916       Inventories 61 264   (9 257)     52 007       Investments –   (163 750)     (163 750)       Trade and other receivables 57 829   7 956     65 785       Trade, other payables and provisions 149 846   65 235     215 081         877 623   (1 033 660)     (156 037)       2014                   Differential between carrying values and tax values of property, plant and equipment (62 594)   (835 164)     (897 758)       Differential between carrying values and tax values of intangible assets (17 397)   (194 959)     (212 356)       Estimated taxation losses 88 645   42 508     131 153       Staff-related allowances and liabilities 297 581   267 550     565 131       Operating lease liabilities 48 708   (2 680)     46 028       Inventories 58 491   (11 131)     47 360       Investments (860)   (154 657)     (155 517)       Trade and other receivables 26 789   (23 784)     3 005       Trade, other payables and provisions 163 487   96 915     260 402         602 850   (815 402)     (212 552)       Deferred taxation has been provided at rates ranging between 10% and 35% (2014: 10% and 35%). The variance in rates arises as a result of the differing taxation and capital gains taxation rates present in the various countries in which the Group operates. Notes to the consolidated financial statements – Note 16