2019 
R’000 		     2018 
R’000 		  
4. Taxation          
  Current taxation  1 351 311      1 416 788   
    Current year  1 344 137      1 432 909   
    Prior years' underprovision (overprovision) 7 174      (16 121)  
  Deferred taxation  59 897      14 927   
    Current year  92 404      35 091   
    Prior years' (overprovision) underprovision  (32 507)     (20 164)  
  Foreign withholding taxation  5 985      4 882   
  Total taxation per consolidated income statement  1 417 193      1 436 597   
  Comprising           
  South African taxation  1 351 808      1 325 750   
  Foreign taxation  65 385      110 847   
    1 417 193      1 436 597   
    %      %   
  The reconciliation of the effective taxation rate with the South African company taxation rate is:           
  Taxation for the year as a percentage of profit before taxation  27.1      27.0   
  Net change in remeasurement and changes in shareholding of associates  (3.3)     (1.2)  
  Associates  3.1      2.2   
  Effective rate excluding associate income  26.9      28.0   
  Dividend and exempt income  3.2      3.3   
  Foreign taxation rate differential  0.4      0.4   
  Impairment of goodwill  –      (0.1)  
  Preference share funding  (0.8)     (1.1)  
  Other non-deductible expenses  (2.3)     (1.8)  
  Changes in recognition of deferred tax assets  0.1      (1.5)  
  Changes in prior years' estimation  0.5      0.8   
  Rate of South African company taxation  28.0      28.0   
    R'000      R'000   
  Estimated tax losses available for offset against future taxable income  1 621 857      1 432 442   
  Utilised in the computation of deferred taxation  (865 369)     (777 256)  
  Not accounted for in deferred taxation  756 488      655 186   
 

Deferred taxation assets have not been recognised in respect of certain tax losses as the directors believe it is not probable that the relevant companies will generate taxable profit in the near future, against which the benefits can be utilised.