17. Deferred taxation
 
  2018 
R’000 
    2017 
R’000 
 
Deferred taxation assets  761 368        728 913    
Deferred taxation liabilities  (1 209 549)       (1 014 705)   
Net deferred taxation liability  (448 181)       (285 792)   
Movement in net deferred taxation assets and liabilities                
Balance at beginning of year  (285 792)       (264 655)   
Per consolidated income statement  (14 927)       (33 698)   
Arising on consolidation of the Bidvest Education Trust  (22 830)       –    
Items recognised directly in equity, other comprehensive income  38 549        133 962    
On acquisition of businesses  (224 249)       (124 198)   
On disposal of business  97 789        14 437    
Exchange rate adjustments  (36 721)       (11 640)   
Balance at end of year  (448 181)       (285 792)   
  Assets
R’000
    Liabilities
R’000
    Net
R’000
 
Temporary differences                
2018                
Differential between carrying values and tax values of property, plant and equipment  (11 788)       (609 759)       (621 547)   
Differential between carrying values and tax values of intangible assets  (14 423)       (582 863)       (597 286)   
Estimated taxation losses  120 789        30 324        151 113    
Staff-related allowances and liabilities  449 545        55 357        504 902    
Operating lease liabilities  43 837        2 055        45 892    
Inventories  41 771        6 156        47 927    
Investments  (1 189)       (166 479)       (167 668)   
Trade and other receivables  25 976        (22 306)       3 670    
Trade, other payables and provisions  106 850        77 966        184 816    
   761 368        (1 209 549)       (448 181)   
2017                 
Differential between carrying values and tax values of property,  plant and equipment  (25 883)       (686 085)       (711 968)  
Differential between carrying values and tax values of intangible assets   (14 286)        (367 713)        (381 999)   
Estimated taxation losses  81 815        41 109        122 924    
Staff-related allowances and liabilities  435 027        65 832        500 859    
Operating lease liabilities  47 283        (2 337)       44 946    
Inventories  49 886        (9 481)       40 405    
Investments  (1 249)       (129 890)       (131 139)   
Trade and other receivables  29 956        (4 432)       25 524    
Trade, other payables and provisions  126 364        78 292        204 656    
   728 913        (1 014 705)       (285 792)   

Deferred taxation has been provided at rates ranging between 10% – 45% (2017: 10% – 35%). The variance in rates arises as a result of the differing taxation and capital gains taxation rates present in the various countries in which the Group operates.